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Reinhold Messner ((:ˈʁaɪ̯nhɔlt ˈmɛsnɐ); born 17 September 1944) is an Italian mountaineer, adventurer, explorer, and author from the autonomous Italian province of South Tyrol. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest mountaineers of all time. He is renowned for making the first ascent of Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen along with Peter Habeler, and for being the first climber to ascend all fourteen "eight-thousanders" (peaks over above sea level). He is the author of at least 63 books, many of which have been translated into other languages. ==Biography== Born in Brixen (Bressanone), Italy, Messner is a native speaker of German and Italian, and also fluent in English.〔''Extrem Europa'', ''Live'', Vienna, No. 3 (01/02/2008), p. 16.〕 He grew up in Villnöß and spent his early years climbing in the Alps and fell in love with the Dolomites. His father, Josef Messner, was a teacher. He was also very strict and sometimes severe with Reinhold. Josef led Reinhold to his first summit at the age of five. Reinhold had eight brothers and one sister; he later climbed with his brother Günther and made Arctic crossings with his brother Hubert. When Reinhold was 13, he began climbing with his brother Günther, age 11. By the time Reinhold and Günther were in their early twenties, they were among Europe's best climbers. Since the 1960s, Messner, inspired by Hermann Buhl, was one of the first and most enthusiastic supporters of alpine style mountaineering in the Himalayas, which consisted of climbing with very light equipment and a minimum of external help. Messner considered the usual expedition style ("siege tactics") disrespectful toward nature and mountains. Messner's first major Himalayan climb in 1970, the unclimbed Rupal face of Nanga Parbat, turned out to be a tragic success. Both he and his brother Günther reached the summit, but Günther died two days later on the descent of the Diamir face. Reinhold lost seven toes, which had become badly frostbitten during the climb and required amputation.〔 Reinhold was severely criticized for persisting on this climb with the less experienced Günther. The 2010 movie ''Nanga Parbat'' by Joseph Vilsmaier is based on his account of the events. While Messner and Peter Habeler were noted for fast ascents in the Alps of the Eiger North Wall, standard route (10 hours) and Les Droites (8 hours), his 1975 Gasherbrum I first ascent of a new route took three days. This was unheard of at the time. In the 1970s, Messner championed the cause for ascending Mount Everest without supplementary oxygen, saying that he would do it "by fair means" or not at all.〔Krakauer 153〕 In 1978, he reached the summit of Everest with Habeler.〔 This was the first time anyone had been that high without bottled oxygen and Messner and Habeler proved what certain doctors, specialists, and mountaineers thought impossible. He repeated the feat, without Habeler, from the Tibetan side in 1980, during the monsoon season. This was Everest's first solo summit. In 1978, he made a solo ascent of the Diamir face of Nanga Parbat. In 1986, Messner became the first to complete all fourteen eight-thousanders (peaks over 8,000 metres above sea level).〔Krakauer 61〕 Messner has crossed Antarctica on skis, together with fellow explorer Arved Fuchs. He has written over 60 books〔http://reinhold-messner.de/popup_1_1.html〕 about his experiences, a quarter of which have been translated. He was featured in the 1984 film ''The Dark Glow of the Mountains'' by Werner Herzog. Messner today carries on a diversified business related to his mountaineering skills. From 1999 to 2004, he held political office as a Member of the European Parliament for the Italian Green Party (Federazione dei Verdi). He was also among the founders of Mountain Wilderness, an international NGO dedicated to the protection of mountains worldwide. In 2004 he completed a expedition through the Gobi desert. He now mainly devotes himself to the Messner Mountain Museum, of which he is the founder. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Reinhold Messner」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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